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adverbials - an adverbial is a group of words that functions as
an adverb
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After the match,
we went to meet the players. The players met us with
great enthusiasm. We
then took a photograph with them outside
the changing room.
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agent - someone or something that performs an action
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The painting was enhanced by
the framing. The
painting was bought by
a woman from Norway.
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causative verb - a verb that indicates who is the cause of the
action
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I had my tooth extracted
this morning. I was driven
to the dentist by my wife.I had my secretary cancel
my appointment with the mayor.
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clause - a group of words consisting of a subject and its
predicate - it is usually connected to the rest of the sentence
by a conjunction
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I tried to understand why
I felt so happy. What was it that
evoked the merriment? Even
if no explanation was forthcoming, I
was happy. That was all that mattered.
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the conditionals
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If you had applied for
the vacancy, you would have got it.
Though, if I were you,
I would not fret. If we
look through today's paper we shall
certainly find other openings.If
nothing comes up today, something's
bound to come up tomorrow!
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conjunctions - there are coordinating conjunctions,
subordinating conjunctions and correlative conjunctions
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coordinating conjunctions:- and, or, but, so
subordinating conjunctions:- after, although,
as, because, before, if, since, than, unless,
until, when, while
corelative conjunctions:- both ...and, either
... or, neither...nor, not only ... but also.
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copula verbs or linking verbs
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appear, become, feel, get, go, grow, keep,
look, prove, remain, resemble, run, seem, smell,
sound, stay, taste, turn
In the beginning they felt
uncertain but once they had
tasted success they grew
confident and stayed
ahead of their competitors.
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discourse markers-
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as for, as regards, consequently, considering
that,in addition, in retrospect, in view of the
fact that, furthermore, moreover, on further
analysis, on the other hand, regarding,
therefore, thus, while, whereas, with regard to
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gerunds- verbs that function as nouns - they usually come after
prepositions
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After studying,
I enjoy exercising
and relaxing.
By studying
in this way I avoid stress. When exercising
it is important to enjoy the physical
activities.
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idiom - a distinctive, and often colourful expression whose
meaning is different from the literal meaning
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above board = legal; across the board = applies
to everybody; arrow in the quiver = strategy;
all at sea = disorganised; have an axe to grind
= grievance.
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indirect object
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I wrote a letter to him. I wrote him
a letter. They built a house for her. They built
her a house. I sent the parcel to
them. I sent them
the parcel. You gave this pen to me. You gave me
this pen.
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indirect speech or reported speech
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There is no need to change when the verb is in
the simple present, present perfect or future
tense. He knows
that the sun rises in the east and sets in the
west. He agrees
that this is so.
She has said
that she has eaten
and that the cook has
left. She
has agreed to clean up and put the
dishes away.
The defence will say
that the accused was in Scotland at that time.
They will further argue
that the accused had no motive whatsoever.
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interrogative pronouns
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What is your
address? Who
will be there to receive the delivery? When
must the delivery be made?
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intransitive verb - does not take an object and does not have a
passive form
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The sun rises.
The wind blows.
The river flows.The
seasons come
and the seasons pass.
People live
and people die.
Time moves on.
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